Heat Pump Water Heater Systems and Methods Thereto

ABSTRACT

The disclosed technology includes systems and methods for operating a fluid heating device comprising a heat pump and an electric heating element. The disclosed technology can include a system and method that can receive current data from a current sensor and temperature data from a temperature sensor, determine whether the current is greater than or equal to a threshold current and whether the temperature is greater than or equal to a threshold temperature, and output a control signal to heat the fluid using the heat pump only or the electric heating element only based on the current data and the temperature data.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The disclosed technology relates generally to systems and methods forheating water with a water heating system that includes a heat pump andan electric heating element.

BACKGROUND

Heat pump water heaters are commonly used in residential and commercialapplications to heat water for various uses. Heat pumps are capable ofheating water stored in a storage tank by utilizing thevapor-compression cycle of a refrigerant to transfer thermal energy tothe water in the storage tank. By utilizing the vapor compression cycle,heat pump water heaters are capable of heating water in an efficientmanner.

Even though a heat pump is typically more energy efficient than gasburners or electric heating elements commonly used in water heaters,heat pump water heaters tend to require longer heating times to bring atemperature of water in the storage tank up to a predeterminedtemperature. One way to speed up the heating process of a heat pumpwater heater is to use a larger compressor in the heat pump.Unfortunately, larger compressors require greater electrical current andcan exceed the ampacity rating of the electrical circuit in which thecompressor is installed. This can be particularly troublesome inresidential applications where the typical household is wired with a120-volt circuit that has a maximum current rating of 15 amps or 20amps. This limitation on current means that most heat pump water heatersrequire either long heating times or a special, dedicated circuit thatcan accommodate the current required by a larger compressor.

To decrease the amount of time it takes to heat the water using a heatpump, some water heating systems include a heating element that can beturned on simultaneously with the heat pump to heat the water. Thisconfiguration, however, causes the water heater to draw more currentwhen both the heat pump and the electric heating element are operatedsimultaneously. When both the electric heating element and heat pumpoperate simultaneously, the capacity of the heat pump is limited becausesome of the current in the circuit must be dedicated to the electricheating element.

Heat pumps are also known to operate less efficiently as the temperatureof the water in the water heater nears an upper temperature limit orwhen the ambient temperature rises above a threshold temperature. Thisis, in part, because heat pumps must work harder to add heat to thewater as the water temperature rises and, as the ambient temperaturerises, the components of the heat pump become less efficient and canoverheat leading to damage of the heat pump. The negative effects ofhigh ambient temperature on a heat pump can be a common problem if theheat pump is installed in an attic or other unventilated spaces wherehigh temperatures are observed during the summer months.

What is needed, therefore, is a system and method of efficientlyoperating a heat pump water heater without exceeding the currentlimitations of the electrical circuit.

These and other problems are addressed by the technology disclosedherein.

SUMMARY

The disclosed technology relates generally to systems and methods forheating water with a water heating system that includes a heat pump andan electric heating element. The disclosed technology can include afluid heating device having a heating chamber that can hold a fluid, aheat pump that can heat the fluid in the heating chamber, and anelectric heating element that can heat the fluid. The fluid heatingdevice can have a temperature sensor that can detect a temperature ofthe fluid and output the fluid temperature data. The fluid heatingdevice can have a current sensor that can detect a current drawn by atleast a portion of the fluid heating device and output the current data.

The fluid heating device can have a controller that can receive thefluid temperature data from the temperature sensor and the current datafrom the current sensor. In response to determining, based at least inpart on the fluid temperature data and the current data, that thetemperature of the fluid is less than a threshold temperature and thatthe current is less than a threshold current, the controller can outputa control signal to heat the fluid with the heat pump (e.g., with theheat pump only). In response to determining, based at least in part onthe fluid temperature data and the current data, that the temperature ofthe fluid is less than the threshold temperature and that the current isgreater than or equal to the threshold current, the controller canoutput a control signal to heat the fluid with the electric heatingelement (e.g., with the electric heating element only).

In some examples, the threshold temperature can be a first thresholdtemperature. In response to determining, based at least in part on thefluid temperature data and the current data, that the temperature of thefluid is greater than or equal to a second threshold temperature andless than the first threshold temperature, the controller can output acontrol signal to heat the fluid with the electric heating element(e.g., with the electric heating element only). The first thresholdtemperature can be greater than the second threshold temperature.

In some examples, the fluid heating device can include an ambienttemperature sensor that can detect an ambient temperature of ambient airproximate the fluid heating device and output ambient temperature data.The controller can receive the ambient temperature data from the ambienttemperature sensor. In this example, outputting the control signal toheat the fluid with the heat pump can be in response to determining,based at least in part on the ambient temperature data, that the ambienttemperature is less than a threshold ambient temperature.

In some examples, in response to determining, based at least in part onthe ambient temperature data, that the ambient temperature is greaterthan or equal to the threshold ambient temperature, the controller canoutput a control signal to heat the fluid with the electric heatingelement (e.g., with the electric heating element only). In otherexamples, in response to determining, based at least in part on theambient temperature data, that the ambient temperature is less than athreshold ambient temperature, the controller can output a controlsignal to heat the fluid with the heat pump (e.g., with the heat pumponly).

The disclosed technology can also include a method of controlling awater heater system comprising a heat pump and an electric heatingelement. The method can include receiving, from a temperature sensor,temperature data indicative of a temperature of water in the waterheater. The method can also include receiving, from a current sensor,current data indicative of a current delivered to the heat pump of thewater heater system. In response to determining, based at least in parton the temperature data and the current data, that the temperature ofthe water is less than a threshold temperature and that the current isless than a threshold current, the method can include outputting acontrol signal to heat the water with the heat pump (e.g. with the heatpump only). Alternatively, or in addition, in response to determining,based at least in part on the temperature data and the current data,that the temperature of the water is less than the threshold temperatureand that the current is greater than or equal to the threshold current,the method can include outputting a control signal to heat the waterwith the electric heating element (e.g., the electric heating elementonly).

In some examples, the threshold temperature can be a first thresholdtemperature. In response to determining, based at least in part on thetemperature data and the current data, that the temperature of the wateris greater than or equal to a second threshold temperature and less thanthe first threshold temperature, the method can include outputting acontrol signal to heat the water with the electric heating element(e.g., with the electric heating element only). In this example, thefirst threshold temperature can be greater than the second thresholdtemperature.

In some examples, the method can include receiving, from an ambienttemperature sensor, ambient temperature data indicative of an ambienttemperature of ambient air proximate the water heater. In response todetermining, based at least in part on the ambient temperature data,that the ambient temperature of the ambient air is less than a thresholdambient temperature, the method can include outputting a control signalto heat the water with the heat pump (e.g. with the heat pump only). Inresponse to determining, based at least in part on the ambienttemperature data, that the ambient temperature of the ambient air isgreater than or equal to the threshold ambient temperature, the methodcan include outputting a control signal to heat the water with anelectric heating element (e.g., the electric heating element only).

The method can also include receiving, from an ambient temperaturesensor, ambient temperature data indicative of an ambient temperature ofambient air proximate the water heater. In response to determining,based at least in part on the ambient temperature data, that the ambienttemperature of the ambient air is less than a threshold ambienttemperature, the method can include outputting a control signal to heatthe water with the heat pump (e.g., the heat pump only). In response todetermining, based at least in part on the ambient temperature data,that the ambient temperature of the ambient air is greater than or equalto the threshold ambient temperature, the method can include outputtinga control signal to heat the water with an electric heating element(e.g., the electric heating element only).

The disclosed technology can also include a method of controlling awater heater system comprising a heat pump and an electric heatingelement. The method can include receiving, from a temperature sensor,temperature data indicative of a temperature of water in the waterheater system. In response to determining, based at least in part on thetemperature data, that the temperature of the water is less than amaximum temperature and less than a threshold temperature, the methodcan include outputting a control signal to heat the water with the heatpump (e.g., with the heat pump only). In response to determining, basedat least in part on the temperature data, that the temperature of thewater is less than the maximum temperature and greater than or equal tothe threshold temperature, the method can include outputting a controlsignal to heat the water with the electric heating element (e.g., theelectric heating element only). The maximum temperature can be greaterthan the threshold temperature.

The method can also include receiving, from an ambient temperaturesensor, ambient temperature data indicative of an ambient temperature ofambient air. In response to determining, based at least in part on theambient temperature data, that the ambient temperature of the ambientair is less than a threshold ambient temperature, the method can includeoutputting a control signal to heat the water with the heat pump (e.g.,with the heat pump only). In response to determining, based at least inpart on the ambient temperature data, that the ambient temperature ofthe ambient air is greater than or equal to the threshold ambienttemperature, the method can include outputting a control signal to heatthe water with an electric heating element (e.g., the electric heatingelement only).

The method can include receiving, from a current sensor, current dataindicative of a current delivered to the heat pump of the water heatersystem. In response to determining, based at least in part on thecurrent data, that the current is less than a threshold current, themethod can include outputting a control signal to heat the water withthe heat pump (e.g., with the heat pump only). In response todetermining, based at least in part on the current data, that thecurrent is greater than or equal to the threshold current, the methodcan include outputting a control signal to heat the water with theelectric heating element (e.g., the electric heating element only).

In some examples, the method can include receiving, from a currentsensor, current data indicative of a current delivered to the heat pumpof the water heater system. In response to determining, based at leastin part on the current data, that the current is less than a thresholdcurrent, the method can include outputting a control signal to heat thewater with the heat pump (e.g., with the heat pump only). In response todetermining, based at least in part on the current data, that thecurrent is greater than or equal to the threshold current, the methodcan include outputting a control signal to heat the water with theelectric heating element (e.g., the electric heating element only).

Additional features, functionalities, and applications of the disclosedtechnology are discussed herein in more detail.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate multiple examples of thepresently disclosed subject matter and serve to explain the principlesof the presently disclosed subject matter. The drawings are not intendedto limit the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter in anymanner.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example heat pump water heater system, inaccordance with the disclosed technology.

FIG. 2 is a logic diagram illustrating an example method of heatingwater using a heat pump and an electric heating element, in accordancewith the disclosed technology.

FIG. 3 is a logic diagram illustrating an example method of heatingwater using a heat pump and an electric heating element, in accordancewith the disclosed technology,

FIG. 4 is a logic diagram illustrating an example method of heatingwater using a heat pump and an electric heating element, in accordancewith the disclosed technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed technology relates generally to systems and methods forheating water with a water heating system that includes a heat pump andan electric heating element. The heat pump and the electric heatingelement can be controlled by a controller that is configured to receivewater temperature data indicative of the temperature of water in thewater heater, ambient temperature data indicative of the temperature ofambient air near the water heater, and current data indicative of theelectrical current being used by the water heater. As described morefully herein, the controller can determine, based at least in part onthe water temperature data, the ambient temperature data, and/or thecurrent data, whether to use the heat pump or the electric heatingelement to heat the water. For example, the controller can determine toheat the water using the heat pump when the current in the circuit isless than a threshold current or the electric heating element when thecurrent in the circuit is greater than or equal to the thresholdcurrent. As will become apparent throughout this disclosure, thedisclosed technology includes various methods of controlling the heatpump and the electric heating element to heat the water.

Although certain examples of the disclosed technology are explained indetail herein, it is to be understood that other examples, embodiments,and implementations of the disclosed technology are contemplated.Accordingly, it is not intended that the disclosed technology is limitedin its scope to the details of construction and arrangement ofcomponents expressly set forth in the following description orillustrated in the drawings. The disclosed technology can be implementedin a variety of examples and can be practiced or carried out in variousways. In particular, the presently disclosed subject matter is describedin the context of being a system and method for heating water with aheat pump water heater having an electric heating element. The presentdisclosure, however, is not so limited, and can be applicable in othercontexts. The present disclosure, for example and not limitation, caninclude other water heater systems such as boilers, pool heaters,industrial water heaters, and other water heater systems configured toheat water. Furthermore, the present disclosure can include other fluidheating systems configured to heat a fluid other than water such asprocess fluid heaters used in industrial applications. Suchimplementations and applications are contemplated within the scope ofthe present disclosure. Accordingly, when the present disclosure isdescribed in the context of being a system and method for heating waterwith a heat pump water heater having an electric heating element, itwill be understood that other implementations can take the place ofthose referred to.

It should also be noted that, as used in the specification and theappended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. References toa composition containing “a” constituent is intended to include otherconstituents in addition to the one named.

Also, in describing the examples, terminology will be resorted to forthe sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates itsbroadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includesall technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner toaccomplish a similar purpose.

Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “approximately” or“substantially” one particular value and/or to “about” or“approximately” or “substantially” another particular value. When such arange is expressed, the various examples of the disclosed technologyincludes from the one particular value and/or to the other particularvalue. Further, ranges described as being between a first value and asecond value are inclusive of the first and second values. Likewise,ranges described as being from a first value and to a second value areinclusive of the first and second values.

Herein, the use of terms such as “having,” “has,” “including.” or“includes” are open-ended and are intended to have the same meaning asterms such as “comprising” or “comprises” and not preclude the presenceof other structure, material, or acts. Similarly, though the use ofterms such as “can” or “may” are intended to be open-ended and toreflect that structure, material, or acts are not necessary, the failureto use such terms is not intended to reflect that structure, material,or acts are essential. To the extent that structure, material, or actsare presently considered to be essential, they are identified as such.

It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more method stepsdoes not preclude the presence of additional method steps or interveningmethod steps between those steps expressly identified. Moreover,although the term “step” can be used herein to connote different aspectsof methods employed, the term should not be interpreted as implying anyparticular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unlessand except when the order of individual steps is explicitly required.Further, the disclosed technology does not necessarily require all stepsincluded in the example methods and processes described herein. That is,the disclosed technology includes methods that omit one or more stepsexpressly discussed with respect to the examples provided herein.

The components described hereinafter as making up various elements ofthe disclosed technology are intended to be illustrative and notrestrictive. Many suitable components that would perform the same orsimilar functions as the components described herein are intended to beembraced within the scope of the disclosed technology. Such othercomponents not described herein can include, but are not limited to, forexample, similar components that are developed after development of thepresently disclosed subject matter.

Although the term “water” is used throughout this specification, it isto be understood that other fluids may take the place of the term“water” as used herein. Therefore, although described as a water heatersystem, it is to be understood that the system and methods describedherein can apply to fluids other than water. Further, it is also to beunderstood that the term “water” can replace the term “fluid” as usedherein unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent likeelements, examples of the present disclosure are herein described. FIG.1 illustrates an example water heater system 100, in accordance with thedisclosed technology. The water heater system 100 can include a heatingchamber 102 having a fluid inlet 104 and a fluid outlet 106. The heatingchamber 102 can be configured to receive water or other fluids throughthe fluid inlet 104 and direct the water toward the fluid outlet 106. Anelectric heating element 112 and a heat pump 120 can be in communicationwith a controller 130 and be configured to provide heat to the waterflowing through the heating chamber 102.

The heating chamber 102 can be sized for various applications. Forexample, the heating chamber 102 can be sized for common residentialuses or for commercial or industrial uses that require greater amountsof heated water. Furthermore, the heating chamber 102 can be made of anysuitable material for storing and heating water, including copper,carbon steel, stainless steel, ceramics, polymers, composites, or anyother suitable material. The heating chamber 102 can also be treated orlined with a coating to prevent corrosion and leakage. A suitabletreating or coating will be capable of withstanding the temperature andpressure of the system and can include, as non-limiting examples, glassenameling, galvanizing, thermosetting resin-bonded lining materials,thermoplastic coating materials, cement coating, or any other suitabletreating or coating for the application. Optionally, the heating chamber102 can be insulated to retain heat. For example, the heating chamber102 can also be insulated using fiberglass, aluminum foil, organicmaterial, or any other suitable insulation material.

The water heater system 100 can have at least one water temperaturesensor 108 configured to detect a temperature of the water in thesystem. The water temperature sensor 108 can be located or positioned todetect a temperature of the water in the system at various locationssuch as upstream of the heating chamber 102, inside of the heatingchamber 102, downstream of the heating chamber 102, or any othersuitable location in the system 100 where the temperature of the watercan be detected. The water temperature sensor 108 can each be configuredto output temperature data and be in communication with a controller130. As will be described in greater detail herein, the temperature dataprovided by the water temperature sensor 108 can be used by thecontroller 130 to determine actions based on current system conditions.

The water heater system 100 can include an ambient temperature sensor110 configured to detect a temperature of the ambient air proximate thewater heater system 100 and output temperature data to the controller130. As will be appreciated, the ambient temperature sensor 110 can beinstalled in various locations proximate the water heater system 100such that the ambient temperature sensor 110 can detect and/or measure atemperature of the ambient air proximate the water heater system 100 andoutput data corresponding to the detected temperature of the ambientair. For example, the ambient temperature sensor 110 can be mounted onor in the water heater system 100, or the ambient temperature sensor 110can be placed in another location near the water heater system 100.

The water temperature sensor 108 and the ambient temperature sensor canbe any type of temperature sensor capable of measuring the temperatureof a fluid (e.g., water in the water heater system 100 or ambient airproximate the water heater system 100) and providing temperature dataindicative of the fluid temperature to the controller 130. For example,the water temperature sensor 108 and the ambient temperature sensor 110can be thermocouples, resistor temperature detectors, thermistors,infrared sensors, semiconductors, or any other type of sensor whichwould be appropriate for a given use or application. All temperaturesensors of the system can be the same type of temperature sensor, or thesystem 100 can include different types of temperature sensors. Forexample, water temperature sensor 108 can be a thermocouple while theambient temperature sensor 110 can be a thermistor. One skilled in theart will appreciate that the type, location, and number of temperaturesensors can vary depending on the application.

The system 100 can include one or more electric heating elements 112configured to provide heat to the fluid in the system 100. The electricheating element(s) 112 can be located anywhere in the system 100 wherethe electric heating element 112 can provide heat to the fluid in thesystem 100. For example, the electric heating element(s) 112 can belocated upstream of the heating chamber 102, inside of the heatingchamber 102, or downstream of the heating chamber 102. In systems 100having more than one heating element 112, as another example, one ormore heating element(s) 112 can be located proximate the bottom of theheating chamber 102 while one or more other heating element(s) 112 canbe located proximate the top of the heating chamber 102, or otherlocations in the system 100. If located outside of the heating chamber102, the electric heating element(s) 112 can be located proximate theheating chamber 102 (i.e., in the same housing as the heating chamber102, in the same general location as the heating chamber 102 and/or inthe same room of a building as the heating chamber 102). The electricheating element(s) 12 can be configured to be controlled by thecontroller 130 based on a control signal output by the controller 130.The electric heating element 112 can be modulated by the controller 130to vary the output of the electric heating element 112. For example, thecontroller 130 can output a control signal to modulate the electricheating element 112 to operate at anywhere between 0% to 100% of theelectric heating element's 112 heat output capacity.

The electric heating element 112 can include any form of resistiveheating element suitable for the application. For example, the electricheating element 112 can be made with a Nichrome (NiCr) resistive elementsurrounded by an insulating material and encased in a casing. Theresistive element can be made from Nichrome, Kanthal™, Constantan,Manganin™, Balco™ or any other suitable material. The insulatingmaterial can be made from insulating material such as Magnesium Oxide,glass, porcelain, composite polymer materials, clay, quarts, alumina,feldspar, or any other suitable insulating material. The casing can bemade from a metal (e.g., titanium, stainless steel, nichrome, Kanthal™,cupronickel, etched foil, and the like.), a ceramic (e.g., molybdenumdisilicide, silicon carbide, PTC ceramic, and the like.), thick film, ora polymer PTC heating element. Furthermore, the casing can be treated orcoated to help prevent corrosion and elongate the life of the element.For example, the system 100 can include an electric heating element 112with a casing made of copper and treated with a nickel plating.Alternatively or in addition, the electric heating element 112 caninclude a copper tubing casing coated with magnesium oxide and zincplating. Alternatively or in addition, the electric heating element 112can include a titanium or stainless-steel casing that is coated with anappropriate coating, if desired. One of skill in the art will understandthat the exact materials and configuration of the electric heatingelement 112 can vary depending on the particular application.

As depicted in FIG. 1, the disclosed technology can include a heat pump120 to heat the fluid in the heating chamber 102. The heat pump 120 canbe any suitable form of heat pump that can be used to heat water,including compression- or absorption-type heat pumps. The heat pump 120can be adapted to use an air source, ground source, water source, or anyother heat source. The heat pump 120 can also be a geothermal,air-to-water, water-to-water, liquid-to-water, or any other type of heatpump system that is appropriate for the particular application. As anexample, the heat pump 120 can be an air source type heat pump, whichutilizes a refrigerant in a vapor-compression cycle, but the type ofheat source can be modified depending on the particular application. Theheat pump 120 can be a single-stage, two-stage, or variable capacityheat pump, depending on the application. Furthermore, one or morecomponents of the heat pump 120 can be in communication with thecontroller 130. For example, the expansion valve 124 and the compressor128 can be configured to receive control signals from, or otherwise beoperated by, the controller 130.

The heat pump 120 can include a condenser 122, an expansion valve 124,an evaporator 126, and a compressor 128. The various components can besized, shaped, and located as would be suitable for the particularapplication. As will be appreciated, the various components of the heatpump 120 can be sized for residential, commercial, or industrialapplications and for heating water within various temperature ranges andwithin various time ranges. As a non-limiting example, the heat pump 120can be configured to heat water to 140° F. within less than thirtyminutes, within less than one hour, approximately one hour,approximately between one hour and one and a half hours, or greateramounts of time for residential applications. On the other hand, theheat pump 120 can be configured to heat the water to higher temperatureswithin longer or shorter time frames for commercial or industrialapplications.

The compressor 128 can be any type of compressor. For example, thecompressor 128 can be a positive displacement compressor, areciprocating compressor, a rotary screw compressor, a rotary vanecompressor, a rolling piston compressor, a scroll compressor, aninverter compressor, a diaphragm compressor, a dynamic compressor, anaxial compressor, or any other form of compressor that can be integratedinto the heat pump 120 for the particular application. Furthermore, aswill be described in greater detail herein, the system 100 can beconfigured with a compressor 128 having a higher capacity than wouldnormally be installed in a given water heater system 100 having a givenelectrical circuit because the controller 130 can be configured toensure the compressor 128 does not exceed the ampacity limitations forthe given electrical circuit. As an example, the compressor 128 can havea capacity of greater than 5,000 Btu/hr for a 120 volt circuit. Thus, byincorporating a compressor 128 having a higher-than-normal capacity, theheat pump 120 can be configured to heat the water to a desiredtemperature faster than compressors 128 having lower capacities.Alternatively, or in addition, the system 100 can include more than onecompressor 128. For example, the system 100 can include multiplecompressors 128 having individual capacities of less than or equal to5,000 Btu/hr that together have a combined capacity of greater than5,000 Btu/hr for a 120 volt circuit. As another example, the system 100can include multiple compressors 128 having individual capacities ofgreater than 5,000 Btu/hr for a 120 volt circuit. As will be appreciatedby one of skill in the art, the disclosed technology can be used to heatwater in the water heater system 100 using a compressor 128, or multiplecompressors 128, having a greater capacity (or combined capacity) thanwould normally be used for the given circuit of the water heater system100.

The condenser 122 can be sized, shaped, and installed in a position thatimproves energy transfer to the water in the heating chamber 102. Forexample, the condenser 122 can be sized and positioned near the bottom,middle, or top of the inside of the heating chamber 102 to ensure heatis transferred to the water in the heating chamber 102 efficiently aswould be suitable for the particular application. On the other hand, theevaporator 126 can be located where it can absorb heat from the ambientair or other heat sources. The evaporator 126, for example, can beinstalled in an enclosure the system 100 or in a separate location solong as the evaporator 126 is in fluid communication with othercomponents of the heat pump 120. The evaporator can include any heatsource, such as air, water, or geothermal sources. Both the condenser122 and the evaporator 126 can be made of material(s) that caneffectively exchange heat, including copper, aluminum, stainless steel,gold, silver, gallium, indium, thallium, graphite, composite materials,or any other material that is suitable for the particular application.Furthermore, the heat pump 120 can include more than one evaporator 126and more than one condenser 122 to help increase heat transfer as wouldbe suitable for the particular application.

The expansion valve 124 can be any type of expansion valve. For example,the expansion valve 124 can be a thermal expansion valve, a manualexpansion valve, an automatic expansion valve, an electronic expansionvalve, a low-pressure float valve, a high-pressure float valve,capillary tubes, or any other form of expansion valve appropriate forthe application. The size, type, and installed location of the expansionvalve 124 can vary depending on the application, which can be influencedby the above system requirements or other considerations.

The heat pump 120 can include a ventilation system 127, that can be usedto cool certain components of the heat pump 120. The ventilation system127 can be configured to operate continuously, only while the heat pump120 is operating, only while a temperature proximate the heat pump 120is greater than or equal to a threshold temperature, or any combinationthereof. The ventilation system 127 can be controlled by the controller130 based on temperature data received, for example, from the ambienttemperature sensor 110. Furthermore, the ventilation system 127 can bean active ventilation system, such as a mechanical fan or blower, or apassive venting system, such as a vent or louver.

The system 100 can include a current sensor 129 configured to detect andmeasure the amperage (or current flow) of an electrical currentdelivered to components of the system 100. For example, the currentsensor 129 can be configured to detect a current delivered to at leastthe compressor 128. The current sensor 129 can be any type of currentsensing device including both direct and indirect current measuringdevices. For example, the current sensor 129 can be a shunt resistordevice where the current is determined by measuring a voltage dropacross the shunt resistor. In other examples, the current sensor 129 canbe a current transformer, Rogowski coil, Hall effect sensor, Fluxgatesensor, magneto-resistive current sensor, or any other suitable type ofcurrent sensor for the application. As will be appreciated, thecontroller 130 can be in communication with the current sensor 129 anddetermine the amount of current detected by the current sensor 129. Aswill be described in greater detail herein, the controller 130 can beconfigured to determine, based at least in part on the data receivedfrom the current sensor 129, whether to control the heat pump 120 or theelectric heating element 112.

The controller 130 can have a memory 132, a processor 134, and acommunication interface 136. The controller 130 can be a computingdevice configured to receive data, determine actions based on thereceived data, and output a control signal instructing one or morecomponents of the system 100 to perform one or more actions. One ofskill in the art will appreciate that the controller 130 can beinstalled in any location, provided the controller 130 is incommunication with at least some of the components of the system.Furthermore, the controller 130 can be configured to send and receivewireless or wired signals and the signals can be analog or digitalsignals. The wireless signals can include Bluetooth™, BLE, WiFi™,ZigBee™, infrared, microwave radio, or any other type of wirelesscommunication as may be suitable for the particular application. Thehard-wired signal can include any directly wired connection between thecontroller and the other components. For example, the controller 130 canhave a hard-wired 24 VDC connection to the water temperature sensor 108.Alternatively, the components can be powered directly from a powersource and receive control instructions from the controller 130 via adigital connection. The digital connection can include a connection suchas an Ethernet or a serial connection and can utilize any suitablecommunication protocol for the application such as Modbus, fieldbus,PROFIBUS, SafetyBus p, Ethernet/IP, or any other suitable communicationprotocol for the application. Furthermore, the controller 130 canutilize a combination of wireless, hard-wired, and analog or digitalcommunication signals to communicate with and control the variouscomponents. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the aboveconfigurations are given merely as non-limiting examples and the actualconfiguration can vary depending on the particular application.

The controller 130 can include a memory 132 that can store a programand/or instructions associated with the functions and methods describedherein and can include one or more processors 134 configured to executethe program and/or instructions. The memory 132 can include one or moresuitable types of memory (e.g., volatile or non-volatile memory, randomaccess memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read-onlymemory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM),electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magneticdisks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges,flash memory, a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), and thelike) for storing files including the operating system, applicationprograms (including, for example, a web browser application, a widget orgadget engine, and or other applications, as necessary), executableinstructions and data. One, some, or all of the processing techniques ormethods described herein can be implemented as a combination ofexecutable instructions and data within the memory.

The controller 130 can also have a communication interface 136 forsending and receiving communication signals between the variouscomponents. Communication interface 136 can include hardware, firmware,and/or software that allows the processor(s) 134 to communicate with theother components via wired or wireless networks, whether local or widearea, private or public, as known in the art. Communication interface136 can also provide access to a cellular network, the Internet, a localarea network, or another wide-area network as suitable for theparticular application.

Additionally, the controller 130 can have or be in communication with auser interface 138 for displaying system information and receivinginputs from a user. The user interface 138 can be installed locally onthe system 100 or be a remotely controlled device such as a mobiledevice. The user, for example, can view system data on the userinterface 138 and input data or commands to the controller 130 via theuser interface 138. For example, the user can view threshold settings onthe user interface 138 and provide inputs to the controller 130 via theuser interface 138 to change a threshold setting.

The controller 130 can be configured to determine whether to use theelectric heating element 112 or the heat pump 120 based at least in parton data received from the water temperature sensor 108, the ambienttemperature sensor 110, and/or the current sensor 129. For example, thecontroller 130 can configured to control the system 100 in accordancewith one or more of the example methods described in relation to FIG. 2,FIG. 3, and FIG. 4.

Although not depicted in FIG. 1, the water heater system 100 can beconfigured to include additional sensors configured to detect varioussystem parameters and output data to the controller 130. The controller130 can be further configured to receive the data from the varioussensors and control an output of the heat pump 120 and the electricheating element 112 based on the data received from the various sensors.For example, the water heater system 100 can include temperature andpressure sensors configured to detect a temperature and pressure of therefrigerant in the heat pump 120 such as suction temperature andpressure, liquid temperature and pressure, and discharge temperature andpressure. Furthermore, the water heater system 100 can include ahumidity sensor configured to detect a relative humidity of the ambientair proximate the water heater system 100. The controller 130 can beconfigured to receive data from these various sensors and determine,based on the data, whether the heat pump would 120 or the electricheating element would be more efficient to operate to heat the water inthe water heater system 100.

FIG. 2 is a logic diagram illustrating an example method 200 of heatingwater using a heat pump 120 and an electric heating element 112, inaccordance with the disclosed technology. The method 200 of operatingthe water heater system 100 can include starting 202 a logic sequence byreceiving a start signal or by initiating the method 200 (e.g., as poweris received to the controller 130). The method 200 can include receiving204 sensor data from various sensors in the water heater system 100. Forexample, the controller 130 can be configured to receive temperaturedata from the water temperature sensor 108 and/or the ambienttemperature sensor 110 and/or current data from the current sensor 129.The method 200 can include determining 206 whether a heat demand exists(e.g., whether there is a need to heat the water in the heating chamber102 to maintain the temperature of the water at a target settemperature). Determining 204 whether a heat demand exists can includeat least one of receiving an input from a user, determining that thetemperature of the water in the heating chamber 102 is less than athreshold temperature (or a maximum temperature), determining that coolwater is being delivered to the heating chamber 102 (e.g., as indicatedby water flowing to the heating chamber), determining that hot water isbeing removed from the heating chamber (e.g., as indicated by waterflowing from the heating chamber), or other inputs that can be used bythe controller 130 to determine 204 whether a heat demand exists. Inthis way, the controller 130 can be configured to continually orregularly check for a heat demand signal.

If a heat demand exists, the method 200 can include heating 208 thewater with the heat pump 120 (e.g., outputting a control signal to heatthe water with the heat pump only). The method 200 can then includedetermining 210 if a heat demand has been satisfied. Determining 210 ifa heat demand has been satisfied can occur immediately after heating 208the water with the heat pump or can occur after a predetermined time haselapsed. Determining 210 if a heat demand has been satisfied caninclude, for example, receiving a stop signal from a user, determiningthat the water temperature is greater than the threshold watertemperature, and/or determining that water is no longer flowing into orout of the water heater. If, however, the heat demand is satisfied, themethod 200 can include outputting a control signal to cease heating 212the water in the heating chamber 102 with the heat pump 120.

If the heat demand has not been satisfied by the heat pump 120, themethod 200 can include determining 214 if the current supplied to thewater heater system 100, as detected by the current sensor (e.g.,current sensor 129), is greater than or equal to a threshold current.The threshold current, for example, can be a predetermined current thatis less than or equal to the ampacity rating for the circuit supplyingthe electricity to the water heater system 100. For example, if thecircuit supplying the electricity to the water heater system 100 has anampacity rating of 15 amps, the threshold current can be between 12amps+/−5% (e.g., between 11.4 amps and 12.6 amps). Similar currentlimitations can be applied to circuits having greater or lesser ampacityand can be based upon industry standards for circuit ampacity. Thecurrent can be a current delivered to the compressor 128 of the heatpump 120, or it can be a current delivered to the entire water heatersystem 100. As will be appreciated, by monitoring the current deliveredto the compressor 128, the controller 130 can be configured to ensurethe compressor 128 is operated within an acceptable range where thecompressor 128 does not exceed the ampacity of the electrical circuit.In this way, the disclosed technology can incorporate a compressor 128having a higher capacity than would normally be used for a given circuitbecause the controller 130 can help to ensure the compressor 128 doesnot draw an excessive current when operated.

If the current is less than the threshold current, the method 200 caninclude continuing 216 to heat the water in the heating chamber 102 withthe heat pump. The method 200 can once again include receiving 204 thesensor data, determining 206 if a heat demand exists, heating 208 thewater with the heat pump (e.g., continuing to heat the water with theheat pump), and determining 210 if the heat demand has been satisfied.If the heat demand has been satisfied, the method 200 can includeoutputting 212 a control signal to cease heating the water with the heatpump. If the heat demand has still not been satisfied, the method 200can once again include determining 214 if the current is greater than orequal to the threshold current. In this way, the controller 130 can beconfigured to continually or regularly check the current delivered tothe compressor 128 while a heat demand exists and ensure the currentdoes not exceed the ampacity of the electrical circuit while the heatpump 120 is heating the water.

If the current is greater than or equal to the threshold current, themethod 200 can include outputting 218 a control signal to begin heatingthe water in the heating chamber 102 with the electric heating element112 and cease heating with the heat pump 120. As will be appreciated,the electric heating element 112 can be sized to ensure that the currentused by the electric heating element 112 to heat the water does notexceed the ampacity rating of the electrical circuit. The method 200 caninclude continuing 220 to heat the water in the heating chamber with theelectric heating element until the heat demand has been satisfied.

As will be appreciated, the method 200 just described can be used tooperate the water heater system 100 by using the heat pump 120 while thecompressor 128 is able to operate by drawing a current that is less thana threshold current and then switch to the electric heating element 112when the compressor 128 is no longer able to operate by drawing acurrent that is less than the threshold current. In this way, the waterheater system 100 can be configured to heat the water using the moreefficient heat pump 120 until either the heat demand is satisfied oruntil the heat pump 120 is no longer able to operate by drawing acurrent that is below the threshold current. If the heat pump 120 is nolonger able to operate without exceeding the threshold current, the heatpump 120 can be turned off, and the electric heating element 112 can beturned on. And while the electric heating element 112 is less energyefficient than the heat pump 120, the electric heating element 112 cancontinue to provide heat to the water without exceeding the thresholdcurrent. Although the method 200 is illustrated in FIG. 2 as endedfollowing method step 220, the method 200 can include returning to start202 the logic sequence by receiving a start signal or by initiating themethod 300 (e.g., as power is received to the controller 130).

FIG. 3 is a logic diagram illustrating another example method 300 ofheating water using a heat pump 120 and an electric heating element 112,in accordance with the disclosed technology. Similar to the method 200,the method 300 of operating the water heater system 100 can includestarting 302 a logic sequence by receiving a start signal or byinitiating the method 300 (e.g., as power is received to the controller130). The method 300 can include receiving 304 sensor data from varioussensors in the water heater system 100. For example, the controller 130can be configured to receive temperature data from the water temperaturesensor 108 and the ambient temperature sensor 110 and current data fromthe current sensor 129. The method 300 can include determining 306whether a heat demand exists (e.g., whether there is a need to heat thewater in the heating chamber 102 to maintain the temperature of thewater at a target set temperature). Determining whether a heat demandexists 306 can include receiving an input from a user, determining thatthe temperature of the water in the heating chamber 102 is less than athreshold temperature (or a maximum temperature), determining that coolwater is being delivered to the heating chamber 102 (e.g., as indicatedby water flowing to the heating chamber), determining that hot water isbeing removed from the heating chamber (e.g., as indicated by waterflowing from the heating chamber), or other inputs that can be used bythe controller 130 to determine whether a heat demand exists. If no heatdemand exists, the method 300 can include starting 302 the method 300again. In this way, the controller 130 can be configured to continuallyor regularly check for a heat demand signal and begin the method 300when a heat demand exists.

If a heat demand exists, the method 300 can include heating 308 thewater with the heat pump (e.g., outputting a control signal to beginheating the water in the heating chamber 102 with the heat pump 120only). The method 300 can include determining 310 if a heat demand hasbeen satisfied. Determining 210 if a heat demand has been satisfied canoccur immediately after heating 208 the water with the heat pump or canoccur after a predetermined time has elapsed. Determining 210 if a heatdemand has been satisfied can include, for example, receiving a stopsignal from a user, determining that the water temperature is greaterthan the threshold water temperature, and/or determining that water isno longer flowing into or out of the water heater. If, however, the heatdemand is satisfied, the method 300 can include outputting a controlsignal to cease heating 312 the water in the heating chamber 102 withthe heat pump 120.

If the heat demand has not been satisfied, the method 300 can includedetermining 314 if a current, as detected by the current sensor (e.g.,current sensor 129), is greater than or equal to a threshold current.The current can be a current delivered to the compressor 128 of the heatpump 120 or it can be a current delivered to the entire water heatersystem 100. As mentioned above, by monitoring the current delivered tothe compressor 128, the controller 130 can be configured to ensure thecompressor 128 is operated within an acceptable range where thecompressor 128 does not exceed the ampacity of the electrical circuit.In this way, the disclosed technology can incorporate a compressor 128having a higher capacity than would normally be used for a given circuitbecause the controller 130 can help to ensure the compressor 128 doesnot draw an excessive current when operated.

If the current is less than the threshold current, the method 300 caninclude determining 316 if a temperature is greater than or equal to athreshold temperature. The temperature can include the temperature ofthe water in the heating chamber 102 as detected by, for example, thewater temperature sensor 108. Alternatively or in addition, thetemperature can be the temperature of the ambient air as detected by,for example, the ambient temperature sensor 110. Determining 316 if atemperature is greater than or equal to a threshold temperature caninclude determining whether multiple different temperatures are greaterthan or equal to respective threshold temperatures (e.g., evaluatingboth water temperature and ambient air temperature). Furthermore, thethreshold temperature can be a setpoint temperature (which can be set bya user or be preprogrammed in the controller 130) of the water in theheating chamber 102 or the ambient air. The threshold temperature can bea temperature where, at temperatures greater than or equal to thethreshold temperature, the heat pump 120 is unable or less likely tooperate effectively (e.g., the heat pump 120 will be below apredetermined efficiency at or above the threshold temperature). In thisway, the method 300 can determine, based on the water temperature dataand/or the ambient air temperature data, whether to operate the heatpump 120 or the heating element 112.

If the temperature (e.g., the water temperature and/or the ambient airtemperature) is less than the threshold temperature, the method 300 caninclude continuing 318 to heat the water with the heat pump 120. Themethod 300 can then include receiving 304 sensor data and once againperforming the above described processes. In this way, the method 300can continue to operate the heat pump 120 to heat the water until theheat demand is satisfied, the current exceeds the threshold current, orthe temperature exceeds the threshold temperature.

If the current is greater than or equal to the threshold current or thetemperature is greater than or equal to the threshold temperature, themethod 300 can include outputting 320 one or more control signals tobegin heating the water in the heating chamber 102 with the electricheating element 112 and cease heating with the heat pump 120. As will beappreciated, the electric heating element 112 can be sized to ensurethat the current used by the electric heating element 112 to heat thewater does not exceed the ampacity rating of the electrical circuit. Themethod 300 can include continuing 322 to heat the water in the heatingchamber with the electric heating element 112 until the heat demand hasbeen satisfied. Although the method 300 is illustrated in FIG. 3 asended following method step 322, the method 300 can include returning tostart 302 the logic sequence by receiving a start signal or byinitiating the method 300 (e.g., as power is received to the controller130).

As will be appreciated, the method 300 just described can be used tooperate the water heater system 100 by using the heat pump 120 while thecompressor 128 is able to operate by drawing a current that is less thana threshold current and/or the temperature (e.g., the water temperatureand/or ambient air temperature) is less than the threshold temperature.If the current or temperature thresholds are exceeded, the water heatersystem 100 can be configured to heat the water using the electricheating element 112. In this way, the water heater system 100 can beconfigured to heat the water using the more efficient heat pump 120until either the heat demand is satisfied or until the heat pump 120 isno longer able to operate by drawing a current that is below thethreshold current or the temperature(s) is no longer below the thresholdtemperature.

FIG. 4 is a logic diagram illustrating an example method 400 of heatingwater using a heat pump 120 and an electric heating element 112, inaccordance with the disclosed technology. The method 400 is offered asan example method of heating water using a heat pump (e.g., heat pump120) and an electric heating element (e.g., electric heating element112) where more than a single threshold temperature is used to operatethe water heater system 100.

Similar to the methods 200 and 300, the method 400 of operating thewater heater system 100 can include starting 402 a logic sequence byreceiving a start signal or by initiating the method 400 (e.g., as poweris received to the controller 130). The method 400 can include receiving404 sensor data from various sensors in the water heater system 100. Forexample, the controller 130 can be configured to receive temperaturedata from the water temperature sensor 108 and/or the ambienttemperature sensor 110 and/or current data from the current sensor 129.The method 400 can include determining 406 whether a heat demand exists(e.g., whether there is a need to heat the water in the heating chamber102 to maintain the temperature of the water at a target settemperature). Determining whether a heat demand exists 406 can includereceiving an input from a user, determining that the temperature of thewater in the heating chamber 102 is less than a threshold temperature(or a maximum temperature), determining that cool water is beingdelivered to the heating chamber 102 (e.g., as indicated by waterflowing to the heating chamber), determining that hot water is beingremoved from the heating chamber (e.g., as indicated by water flowingfrom the heating chamber), or other inputs that can be used by thecontroller 130 to determine whether a heat demand exists. If no heatdemand exists, the method 400 can include starting 402 the method 400again. In this way, the controller 130 can be configured to continuallyor regularly check for a heat demand signal and begin the method 400when a heat demand exists.

The method 400 can include determining 408 whether the heat pump iscurrently operating (e.g., whether the compressor 128 of the heat pump120 is on as indicated by a signal received from the compressor 128). Ifthe heat pump is not currently operating, the method 400 can includecontinuing to operate the water heating system 100 as currentlyoperating (e.g., with the electric heating element 112 if currently on).

If the compressor is on, the method 400 can be configured to operate thewater heater system efficiently based on the ambient temperature and thewater temperature. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art,the efficiency of a heat pump can be negatively impacted as the ambienttemperature rises. For example, some heat pump systems are unable toefficiently heat water to a temperature above 122° F. when the ambienttemperature is greater than 130° F. Thus, operating the heat pump toeffectively heat the water only as high as possible under the currentambient temperature conditions is desirable for increasing the overallefficiency of the water heater system. This can include heating thewater to various water temperatures and via different components basedon the current ambient temperature. For example, the method 400 can beconfigured to control the water heater system based on more than oneambient temperature threshold (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5 or more ambienttemperature thresholds) and more than one corresponding watertemperature (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5 or more water temperature thresholds).Each ambient temperature threshold can correspond to a maximum watertemperature at which the heat pump can heat the water to while remainingefficient (e.g., maintaining at least a minimum efficiency of the heatpump and/or the overall water heater system). As a given ambienttemperature threshold is reached or exceeded, the method 400 can includedetermining, based on a comparison of the water temperature to the watertemperature threshold corresponding to the given ambient temperaturethreshold, if it is still efficient to operate the heat pump. Variousexamples of ambient temperatures and water temperatures are offered forexplanatory purposes and are not intended to be limiting. For example,depending on the particular water heater configuration, the method 400can be configured to control the water heater system based on differentambient temperatures and water temperatures than those described herein.

The method 400 can include determining 412 if the ambient temperature isgreater than or equal to a first ambient threshold temperature ATT1. Asan example, the first ambient threshold temperature ATT1 can be 130° F.If the ambient temperature is greater than or equal to the first ambientthreshold temperature ATT1, the method 400 can include determining 414if the water temperature (e.g., as detected by the water temperaturesensor 108) is greater than or equal to a first water thresholdtemperature WTT1 or if the current in the electrical circuit is greaterthan or equal to a threshold current TC (e.g., as detected by thecurrent sensor 129). As examples, the first water threshold temperatureWTT1 can be 122° F., and the threshold current can be a predeterminedcurrent where the current drawn by the compressor is likely to exceedthe recommended ampacity limit for the circuit (e.g., 12 amps for a 15amp circuit, 15 amps for a 20 amp circuit, etc.).

If the water temperature is greater than or equal to the first waterthreshold temperature WTT1 or if the current in the electrical circuitis greater than or equal to the threshold current, the method 400 caninclude outputting 416 a control signal to begin heating the water withan electric heating element (e.g., electric heating element 112). If theambient temperature is less than the first ambient threshold temperatureATT1, the water temperature is less than the first water thresholdtemperature WITT, and the current is less than the threshold current,the method 400 can include determining 418 if the ambient temperature isgreater than or equal to a second ambient threshold temperature ATT2. Asan example, the second ambient threshold temperature ATT2 can be 120° F.If the ambient temperature is greater than or equal to the secondambient threshold temperature ATT2, the method 400 can includedetermining 420 if the water temperature is greater than or equal to asecond water threshold temperature WTT2 or if the current in theelectrical circuit is greater than or equal to the threshold current TC.As examples, the second water threshold temperature WTT2 can be 128° F.and the threshold current can be the same predetermined currentpreviously described.

If the water temperature is greater than or equal to the second waterthreshold temperature WTT2 or if the current in the electrical circuitis greater than or equal to the threshold current, the method 400 caninclude outputting 416 a control signal to begin heating the water withan electric heating element (e.g., electric heating element 112). If theambient temperature is less than the second ambient thresholdtemperature ATT2, the water temperature is less than the second waterthreshold temperature WTT2, and the current is less than the thresholdcurrent, the method 400 can include determining 422 if the ambienttemperature is greater than or equal to a third ambient thresholdtemperature ATT3. As an example, the third ambient threshold temperatureATT3 can be 110° F. If the ambient temperature is greater than or equalto the third ambient threshold temperature ATT3, the method 400 caninclude determining 424 if the water temperature is greater than orequal to a third water threshold temperature WTT3 or if the current inthe electrical circuit is greater than or equal to the threshold currentTC. As examples, the third water threshold temperature WTT2 can be 132°F. and the threshold current can be the same predetermined currentpreviously described.

If the water temperature is greater than or equal to the third waterthreshold temperature WTT3 or if the current in the electrical circuitis greater than or equal to the threshold current, the method 400 caninclude outputting 416 a control signal to begin heating the water withan electric heating element (e.g., electric heating element 112). If theambient temperature is less than the third ambient threshold temperatureATT3, the method 400 can include determining 426 whether the current isgreater than or equal to the threshold current. If the current isgreater than or equal to the threshold current, the method 400 caninclude outputting 416 a control signal to heat the water with theelectric heating element. If the current is less than the thresholdcurrent, the method 400 can include continuing 428 the heating cycle byheating the water with the heat pump until the heating demand issatisfied and the method 400 can be ended.

As previously described, because high ambient air temperature cannegatively impact the performance of the heat pump 120 and because theheat pump 120 becomes less efficient to operate as the water temperaturenears a maximum temperature of the water heater system 100, it can bedesirable to operate the heat pump 120 below ambient temperaturethresholds and below water temperature thresholds to increase theoverall efficiency of the water heater system 100. For example, athigher ambient temperatures, the heat pump 120 will begin to operateless efficiently and may be unable to heat the water effectively tohigher water temperatures than could otherwise be achieved if theambient temperature were lower. Thus, when the ambient temperature ishigher (e.g., greater than or equal to ATT1), the heat pump will beunable to efficiently heat the water to higher temperatures than itcould if the ambient temperature were at a lower temperature (e.g., ator below ATT2). Because both the ambient temperature and the watertemperature can negatively impact the performance of the heat pump 120,the method 400 can use the ambient temperature data and the watertemperature data to efficiently operate the heat pump 120 and theelectric heating element 112 to maximize the efficiency of the waterheater system 100.

As will be appreciated, the methods 200, 300, and 400 just described canbe varied in accordance with the various elements and examples describedherein. That is, methods in accordance with the disclosed technology caninclude all or some of the steps described above and/or can includeadditional steps not expressly disclosed above. Further, methods inaccordance with the disclosed technology can include some, but not all,of a particular step described above. Further still, various methodsdescribed herein can be combined in full or in part. That is, methods inaccordance with the disclosed technology can include at least someelements or steps of a first method (e.g., method 200) and at least someelements or steps of a second method (e.g., method 300).

While the present disclosure has been described in connection with aplurality of exemplary aspects, as illustrated in the various figuresand discussed above, it is understood that other similar aspects can beused, or modifications and additions can be made to the describedaspects for performing the same function of the present disclosurewithout deviating therefrom. For example, in various aspects of thedisclosure, methods and compositions were described according to aspectsof the presently disclosed subject matter. But other equivalent methodsor compositions to these described aspects are also contemplated by theteachings herein. Therefore, the present disclosure should not belimited to any single aspect, but rather construed in breadth and scopein accordance with the appended claims.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A fluid heating device comprising: a heatingchamber configured to hold a fluid; a heat pump configured to heat thefluid; an electric heating element configured to heat the fluid; acurrent sensor configured to detect a current; and a controllerconfigured to: heat, based on the current being less than a thresholdcurrent, the fluid using the heat pump, and heat, based on the currentbeing greater than the threshold current, the fluid using the electricheating element.
 21. The fluid heating device of claim 20, furthercomprising a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature ofthe fluid.
 22. The fluid heating device of claim 21, wherein thecontroller is further configured to: heat, based on the temperature ofthe fluid being less than a threshold temperature and the current beingless than the threshold current, the fluid using the heat pump, andheat, based on the temperature of the fluid being less than thethreshold temperature and the current being greater than the thresholdcurrent, the fluid using the electric heating element.
 23. The fluidheating device of claim 22, wherein the threshold temperature is a firstthreshold temperature, the controller being further configured to: heat,based on the temperature of the fluid being greater than a secondthreshold temperature and less than the first threshold temperature, thefluid with the electric heating element, wherein the first thresholdtemperature is greater than the second threshold temperature.
 24. Thefluid heating device of claim 23, further comprising an ambienttemperature sensor configured to detect an ambient temperature ofambient air proximate the fluid heating device, wherein the controlleris further configured to: heat, based on the ambient temperature beingless than a threshold ambient temperature, the fluid using the heatpump.
 25. The fluid heating device of claim 24, wherein the controlleris further configured to: heat, based on the ambient temperature beinggreater than or equal to the threshold ambient temperature, the fluidwith the electric heating element.
 26. The fluid heating device of claim20, further comprising an ambient temperature sensor configured todetect an ambient temperature of ambient air proximate the fluid heatingdevice, wherein the controller is further configured to: heat, based onthe ambient temperature being less than a threshold ambient temperature,the fluid using the heat pump.
 27. The fluid heating device of claim 26,wherein the controller is further configured to: heat, based on theambient temperature being greater than or equal to the threshold ambienttemperature, the fluid with the electric heating element.
 28. A methodfor heating a fluid, the method comprising: detecting a current using acurrent sensor; and heating, based on the current being less than athreshold current, the fluid using a heat pump, or heating, based on thecurrent being greater than the threshold current, the fluid using anelectric heating element.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprisingdetecting a temperature of the fluid using a temperature sensor.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, further comprising: heating, based on thetemperature of the fluid being less than a threshold temperature and thecurrent being less than the threshold current, the fluid using the heatpump, or heating, based on the temperature of the fluid being less thanthe threshold temperature and the current being greater than thethreshold current, the fluid using the electric heating element.
 31. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the threshold temperature is a firstthreshold temperature, the method further comprising: heating, based onthe temperature of the fluid being greater than a second thresholdtemperature and less than the first threshold temperature, the fluidwith the electric heating element, wherein the first thresholdtemperature is greater than the second threshold temperature.
 32. Themethod of claim 31, further comprising: detecting an ambient temperatureof ambient air proximate the fluid heating device using an ambienttemperature sensor; and heating, based on the ambient temperature beingless than a threshold ambient temperature, the fluid using the heatpump.
 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising heating, based onthe ambient temperature being greater than or equal to the thresholdambient temperature, the fluid with the electric heating element. 34.The method of claim 28, further comprising: detecting an ambienttemperature of ambient air proximate the fluid heating device using anambient temperature sensor; and heating, based on the ambienttemperature being less than a threshold ambient temperature, the fluidusing the heat pump.
 35. The method of claim 34, further comprisingheating, based on the ambient temperature being greater than or equal tothe threshold ambient temperature, the fluid with the electric heatingelement.
 36. A method of controlling a water heater system comprising aheat pump and an electric heating element, the method comprising:receiving, from a temperature sensor, a temperature of water in thewater heater system; receiving, from a current sensor, a current in thewater heater system; and heating, based on the temperature of the waterbeing less than a threshold temperature and the current being less thana threshold current, the fluid using the heat pump, or heating, based onthe temperature of the water being less than the threshold temperatureand the current being greater than the threshold current, the fluidusing the electric heating element.
 37. The method of claim 36, furthercomprising: receiving, from an ambient temperature sensor, an ambienttemperature of ambient air proximate the water heater system; andheating, based on the ambient temperature being less than a thresholdambient temperature, the fluid using the heat pump.
 38. The method ofclaim 37, further comprising heating, based on the ambient temperaturebeing greater than or equal to the threshold ambient temperature, thefluid with the electric heating element.